Accelerated US History - 911 Words

Accelerated US History I In the Presidential Election of 1824, Andrew Jackson – the â€Å"people’s choice† – lost the ballot by way of a â€Å"corrupt bargain† in the House of Representatives. Four years later and with the backing of a larger political following, Jackson became president, campaigning to the middle class and offering the opportunities of a benevolent democracy. Jackson’s supporters, the Jacksonians, were as diverse as they were numerous; northern farmers, southern and western yeomen, and even urban immigrants all joined the ranks of the Champion of the Common Man (OI). During Andrew Jackson’s two terms, the state of Jacksonian Democracy that took form upheld the principles of equality and majority rule that bound the United States together politically, economically and socially. During the 1820s and 1830s, Jacksonians served as guardians of the Constitution and equality of economic opportunity, and functioned as a catalyst for popular soverei gnty, but sacrificed some individual liberties to advance the political democracy in the union. As President, Andrew Jackson strictly adhered to the guidelines set in the Constitution to uphold the union. In 1830, Andrew Jackson vetoed the bill, passed in Congress, which pushed for a federally funded road system to be developed in Kentucky (OI). To defend this denial, Jackson abided by the Constitution’s declaration that intra-state internal improvements are to be funded by the states, not the federal government.Show MoreRelatedJosh Saskin. Accelerated Us History. February 13, 2017.1742 Words   |  7 PagesJosh Saskin Accelerated US History February 13, 2017 The Effect of American Propaganda in World War II Following the United States’ entry into World War II and with national governments battling for the hearts and minds of the people, propaganda became an industry of war just as â€Å"important as producing bullets and planes.† In the words of Archibald MacLeish, assistant director of the Office of War Information and librarian of Congress, â€Å"The principal battleground of the war is not the South PacificRead MoreThe Effects Of Food Irradiation Practices On The United States From World War II878 Words   |  4 PagesOverview of the history of food irradiation practices in the United States from World War II era to the end of the 20th century, and speculation about its future commercial prospects. Researchers in the United States and Great Britain filed patents in 1905 for using ionizing radiation to kill food-borne bacteria (Spiller, J. (2004)). Therefore, food irradiation has over 100 years of history. Food irradiation (the application of ionizing radiation to food) is a technology that improves the safetyRead MoreRed Bull Advertising Strategy for the Adventurous942 Words   |  4 PagesBull creates leave a lasting impression on consumers, making them believe that the energy drink will give them the ability to be a skilled athlete and push their limits. As stated in Advertising In The Age of Accelerated Meaning, â€Å"When ads hail us, they appellate us, naming us and inviting us to take up a position in relations to the advertisements.† In one commercial featuring professional pipeline surfer, Ian Walsh, they filmed him surfing a massive wave in Teahupoo, Tahiti with no music or commentaryRead MoreThe United States And The World War II1553 Words   |  7 PagesPurpose History showed that the United States and its Allies triumphantly fought back against the Axis Powers to end the Second World War. While headlines and credits for the ultimate triumph centered around the politicians and generals, no successful war effort would come to light without the heroic figures in the civilian world and the companies they ran, who produced the ships, tanks, airplanes, weapons and ammunition more quickly, to higher standards and in greater quantities, than the enemyRead MoreThe Immigration Problem Of Immigration1735 Words   |  7 Pages Although the criminalization of immigration is initially facilitated by the anxiety in response to globalization, the trend is accelerated in 2001 when terrorism, security, and immigration are propelled to the forefront of domestic politics. As noted by Ackerman and Furman (2013), the United States is a country that was built upon and has thrived throughout its history on immigrant influence and Labor. This welcoming notion and ‘American Dream’ ideal is enshrined on the Statue of Liberty with theRead MoreIndia s Largest Institute For Supply Chain Management Essay1180 Words   |  5 Pages New challenges for organizations all over the world are the interplay of three C’s namely, customers, competition, and convergence. Consumers have become discriminating in their choice of products and services. The pressure of competition has accelerated technology development lifecycles. Convergence has shifted the balance of power in favor of consumers by giving way to integration of economies. In today’s world all the companies want to increase competitive advantage which is possible throughRead MoreFrom the Soil: The Foundations of Chinese Society by Fei Xiaotong 1242 Words   |  5 Pagesambitions. Locals still had the authority to enforce taxes, different fees, and anything involving that of contributions. The new norm of the brand new scheme was not very clear, and the economic and civil system extended to develop in return to the accelerated success of rural exchange, industry and to domestic economic behavior and standardization. Fei Xiaotong was an established Chinese analyst and professor of anthropology and sociology. Fei layed down a strong foundation for the expansion of sociologicalRead MoreStatement Of Purpose For Graduate Study937 Words   |  4 Pagesthan we did a century ago. For that reason, I don’t view its history as a story of the clash of defensible but irreconcilable views, from which the most we can expect is a sympathetic understanding of how things looked to the participants. (Scott Soames) For the value of the history of philosophy . . . lies not only in the fact that we can learn from our predecessors how to address in different ways the questions that concern us, but also in the fact that we can learn from them how to ask differentRead More PEST Analysis and SWOT Analysis of China Essay1661 Words   |  7 Pagesnominal GDP, tallying roughly US$9.3253 trillion based on the information of National Bureau of Statistics of the Peoples Republic of China. If procurement potency parity (PPP) is taken into consideration, Chinas financial system is yet again second merely to the United States. China is an affiliate of the WTO and is the worlds prevalent trading authority, with an overall worldwide trade worth of US$3.87 trillion in 2012. Its overseas exchange funds arrived at US$3.15 trillion by the end of 2012-2013;Read MoreWorld History in Context Essay1160 Words   |  5 PagesNichols HIS 140 – A History of Humanity Essay 1 World History in Context, written by David Christian (2003), questions the context of world history as well as the complexity of human history and the societies with which they live. In Christian’s article he argues that looking at world history in its global context, rather than one specific moment in history, is the way it is intended to be interpreted and allows historians to recognize reoccurring patterns and themes. World history is meant to be

Essay on Privacy in the Workplace - 2455 Words

Privacy in the Workplace Introduction Technology has developed in leaps and bounds over the past few decades. The case is that the law always has difficulty keeping pace with new issues and technology and the few laws that are enacted are usually very general and obsucre. The main topic of this paper is to address the effect of technology on privacy in the workplace. We have to have an understanding of privacy before trying to protect it. Based on the Gift of Fire, privacy has three pieces: freedom from intrusion, control of information about ones self, and freedom from surveillance.1 Peoples rights has always been protected by the constitution such as the Fourth Amendment, which protects people from unreasonable searches and†¦show more content†¦Companys can monitor almost every type of communication that an employee makes and there are very few laws which protect the employee. One of the few laws which have an affect on the technological medium is the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA).8 The ECPA prohibits the interception of email by unauthorized individuals or individuals working for a government entity, acting without proper warrant.9 ECPA is concerned with people who are not authorized to have access to this information and it wants to keep companyies from trying to intercept valuable information of other companies, but it does not have any specific prohibition for an employer to monitor the e-mail of employees.10 With technologies such as email, voice mail, telephones, and computers the employer has a lot of leeway. Employers can monitor their employees communications, within reasonable limits.11 When dealing specifically with phone calls the law generally sides with companies, since it is there equipment and should be used generally for business purposes. 12 If a company doesnt have stated policy about phone monitoring then an employee should assumed that it being monitored, because very few states have laws about phone monitoring except for California.13 California states that if a person calls into the company then the customer must be notified that the phone calls are being monitored by playing a messageShow MoreRelatedPrivacy in the Workplace1140 Words   |  5 PagesExplain where an employee can reasonably expect to have privacy in the workplace. Privacy in the workplace is very hard to get. Advancements in technology have been made that allow companies to monitor every aspect of an employee use of their systems. This is very evident if you have a job that involves you to be on the telephones. Companies are able to listen to each phone that is made, see every website that you have visited and read any email you have received. For example, I used to workRead MoreEthics, Privacy in the Workplace2391 Words   |  10 Pagesargument – â€Å"for† the notion that an individual’s privacy is more important than any other considerations in the workplace. Workplace scenarios will be outlined including job applications, storage of personal information, Internet and email, information technology effects on privacy, workplace policies and procedures and medical privacy. Differing ethical theories will be applied to both sides of the argument. The Individual’s Privacy in the workplace Getting the job. The story is often heardRead MorePrivacy in the Workplace Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesPrivacy in the Workplace In recent times our right to privacy has been under fire, particularly in the workplace. With the fear of terrorists in todays world, we have been willing to sacrifice some of our individual rights for the rights of a society as a whole. A majority of these changes have taken place since September 11, 2001, in an attempt to prevent future terrorist attacks. New legislation, such as the USA Patriot Act, which decreases the limitations on the federal governments abilityRead MoreInvasion of Privacy in the Workplace2539 Words   |  11 PagesTitle: Invasion of Privacy in the Workplace OMM 640: Ethics and Social Responsibility Instructor: David Bouvin Debbie Barrow May 07, 2012 Do you feel like your workplace is your safe haven? Is your privacy invaded in your workplace? Can employers read your e-mail; monitor your blog or social network post. Employees peeping over your shoulder (sneakily), or even putting up a surveillance camera, as an employee, we should notRead More Privacy in the Workplace Essay2057 Words   |  9 PagesPrivacy. There seems to be no legal issue today that cuts so wide a swath through conflicts confronting American society: from AIDS tests to wiretaps, polygraph test to computerized data bases, the common denominator has been whether the right to privacy outweighs other concerns of society†¦ This quote from Robert Ellis Smith explains, in one sentence, the absolute need to ensure privacy in the workplace. One of the most interesting, yet controversial, areas concerning public personnel is employeeRead MoreEssay on Workplace Privacy3099 Words   |  13 PagesWorkplace Privacy Background As a director for the American Red Cross of Santa Monica, not only am I constantly faced with policy and personnel conflicts, I am also responsible for finding solutions to those conflicts. Recently, I was charged with the task of finding a solution to a problem we (as a chapter) had never dealt with before. The American Red Cross is an apolitical organization. During the recent elections, a supervisor in my office sent out emails to many ofRead MoreElectronic Monitoring and Workplace Privacy1774 Words   |  8 PagesElectronic Monitoring and Workplace Privacy Workplace privacy is one of the biggest issues facing businesses today. Do you feel like you are being watched all the time, all your e-mails being read, and every key stroke is being monitored by your boss? Some people feel this way and that is why privacy in the workplace is a problem with many businesses today. Employees feel like they are not being trusted, or feel the company invades on their personal privacy, or violates their fourth amendmentRead MoreEssay on Privacy In The Workplace1398 Words   |  6 PagesYou would think that employee privacy rights only apply to employees that you currently have but it really begins with the hiring process. Companies can reduce the number of labor related incidents during the first step of recruiting by setting up a cost-effective, yet reliable drug testing system. According to Kevin Troutman (2005), People who abuse drugs are a hazard to companies because they miss work, file more workers compensation claims, make errors, steal and cr eate safety concerns for otherRead MorePrivacy Law Of The American Workplace1280 Words   |  6 PagesIn this article Evans summarized privacy law in the American workplace, and also scholar Mathew Finkin painted a dramatic picture of the surveillance under which many many American employee work. Moreover, Finkin mentioned in this article that 34% of American employee are monitored continuously with regard to their email and internet usage privacy. In addition, He also pointed that The problem of employee privacy and productivity becomes more significant as the boundaries between formal and informalRead MoreRecommendation Report : Workplace Privacy Essay717 Words   |  3 PagesDixon Subject: Recommendation Report – Workplace privacy Date: March 2nd, 2015 The purpose of this memo is to present my research and recommendations regarding workplace privacy and the monitoring of current, and new employees’ and their use of company owned equipment at work. Summary Employee privacy and the rights of employers are often debated, but to reduce an employee’s confusion and to ease the company’s potential liability, a thorough workplace policy should be in place for employees

Macbeth’s Relation to Modern Day Free Essays

â€Å"You lack the season of all natures, sleep† (III. iv. 73), spoken by Lady Macbeth, shows how sleep can mess with a person’s judgment. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth’s Relation to Modern Day or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ever since Macbeth murdered Duncan, he has been so guilty that he couldn’t sleep. Since he is so sleep deprived, his judgment is impaired. He is paranoid and is killing people left and right. He is so fearful that everyone is trying to overthrow him that he resorts to killing his close friend, Banquo. â€Å"There’s blood upon thy face/ ‘Tis Banquo’s then† (III. iv. 3-15) is when Macbeth confirms the murder of Banquo from the ‘hit man’ he hired. He was paranoid that because of the witches’ prophecy about Banquo’s descendants becoming king, that Banquo would try to overthrow him. Macbeth was also afraid that Banquo was starting to suspect him of killing Duncan. I connected this quote to the article â€Å"Study Says Drowsy Drivers Are Involved in 17% of Fatal Crashes† in the New York Times newspaper. It states that â€Å"Being sleep-deprived decreases awareness slows reaction time and impairs judgment, similar to the impact of drugs or alcohol†.It shows how sleep deprived people who drive can cause serious accidents which usually kills them or other people. It relates to the quote because Macbeth is sleep deprived so his judgment about if he should or should not kill people is impaired. People who drive while sleep deprived can cause accidents because they can’t think straight. These accidents cause the death of innocent people. The effects of Macbeth’s sleep deprivation are similar to modern day’s effects of sleep deprivation: they both weaken your judgment and can cause lives. It can cause paranoia and it goes on long enough, you start to see things, maybe even a ghost. How to cite Macbeth’s Relation to Modern Day, Papers

Marketing for Careem Transportation Services- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMarketing for Careem Transportation Services. Answer: Purpose statement: This is a report of investigation of a target market and the buying intentions of customers in Careem Parking Lot service. This service is believed to provide efficiency to customers in ordering their daily private transportation around the cities in Careem transportation Network Company. Thesis statement: The goal of this report is to analyze how the customers will take the new service of accessing Careem cabs services offline without necessarily logging into Careem application. Background information of the study: Locating the Parking Lot services in densely populated places like cities and places of attraction, will positively influence Careem Company operations due to a wider market(Cooper, et al., 2016). Moreover, this will be beneficial to Careem Customers as they will easily access transportation services without necessarily using their phones to order rides. The service will also save customers time as they will not have to wait for their ordered cabs to find them. The target market: Locating Careem Company Parking lots services at the cities and places of attraction will expose the company to all type of people; the business professionals, families with kids and anyone who does not own or is unable to operate a motor vehicle. This will make private transportation more convenient, reliable and enjoyable to the customers. Moreover, big nightlife scenes, sporting, theater events and big celebration areas will be a target market for Careem transportation services(Kumar N, 2011). Opening these parking lots will also be a marketing plan and strategy for Careem to keep close their customers and also it will give people who are not in access of the internet an opportunity to order their cabs and be transported to their destination at ease. The company will obviously increase their sales as the parking lots will cover those people who cannot reach their phones or maybe they lack the internet to order their rides. Moreover, customers who need the taxi so urgently can get in the parking lot and pick a taxi that is readily available at the parking bay. Moreover, different age groups of the population will access the transportation services for instance pupils who do not have phones can easily go to the parking lot and get a taxi to take them home from school which will increase the firms sales (Vettori, 2012). In addition, establishing of more Parking Lot service providers in the cities will mean that the business shall be expanding and becoming a bigger. This will in return create more employment opportunities to the society which shall automatically lead to improvement of living standards of people in the country. Lastly, creation of these Parking Lot service providers shops all over the cities will create awareness to customers and thus advertising the Careem transportation services to other members of the public(Steven, 2013). Conclusion: Opening new Careem Parking Lot service providers all over the cities and places of attraction will be so beneficial to the company. This is due to a ready market that will be available in these densely populated areas. Moreover, the customers will easily get taxi services even if the forgot to carry their phones or maybe when their phones are out of battery. References Cooper, J., Ray, M. John, N., 2016. Taxi! Urban Economics and the SOcietal and Transport Impacts of Taxicab. London: Taylor and Francis .Kumar, A. N, M., 2011. Marketing management. s.l.:Noida: Vikas Publishing House. Steven, J., 2013. Sensible small business advertising. s.l.:iUniverse. Vettori, S., 2012. population and changing labour market. s.l.:Gower publisher.

Crime Rates Calculation Essays - Criminology, Measurement, Rate

Crime Rates Calculation For example, the United States Census combines their population data with crime data compiled from the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting system (UCR) to produce crime rates. These rates are calculated with a constant of 100,000 and are broken down by type of crime. As described by Sacco and Kennedy in The Criminal Event, the constant in the above equation is designed so the crime rate can be expressed per c (the constant) units of exposure. The selection of the constant is largely arbitrary, but rates are traditionally expressed per 1,000 or per 100,000 units of exposure. It is, although, most important to choose a value of c so the resulting rates will be meaningful to the reader. For example, if you are calculating crime rates for a town of 10,000 people, and you choose a value of c * 10,000, the results will be expressed in terms of a population greater than the town. Consequently, the results will not be meaningful to the town residents. On the other hand, if a value of 100 were chosen, a resident reading the rates would see how many people in a group of 100 would be likely to be a victim of a given crime. In contrast to the constant, which is arbitrary, and the numerator which is provided by observations and reports, the denominator must be carefully determined for each type of crime. To determine this denominator the target population must be established. The target population can be defined as "the population we want to talk about" (Mosteller, Fienberg, and Rourke, 1983). "The usual practice is to use the total population residing within the jurisdiction in which the count of events has taken place" (Sacco and Kennedy, 1996). Although, this method does not take into account "the demographic characteristics of the population or the empirical fact that different segments of the population are involved in criminal events with different levels of frequency" (Sacco and Kennedy, 1996). Segments of the population can be created by looking at cross sections of age, sex and potential for victimization. Members of these segments may have a higher probability to being exposed to a particular crime then members of other segments. For example, people who spend a large amount of time outside their homes in the evening may have a higher potential of being a victim of a crime such as aggravated assault. If the entire population were used in the denominator, the calculated rate of aggravated assaults would be artificially high for the general population and artificially low for the segment of people who go out in the evening. In summary, when reviewing crime rates, the value of the denominator should be considered when drawing conclusions. If the denominator reflects the size of the total population residing within the measured jurisdiction, conclusions should reflect the possibility that subsets of the population may be incorrectly included in the calculated crime rate. If a subset such as males aged 16 - 30, were used in the calculations, conclusions should consider the subset of the population which may be excluded.

Free Essays on Hiroshima By John Hersy

Hiroshima Throughout everyone’s lifetime they see society face a tragedy whether they were prepared for it or not. This tragedy can teach people a lesson, teach them to be helpful, and even change their perspective on life. In John Hersey’s Hiroshima many Japanese citizens are effected by something that happened in a matter of seconds, the dropping of the first atomic bomb. In the beginning of August citizens of Hiroshima grew tired of countless air raid warnings and began to ignore them. Though on August 6th 1945, American troops dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima. No one understood what had happened and how it left such a terrible outcome. Many surviving doctors decided that even though they were wounded they would help the more needy in the time of a crisis. The doctors began to pick up badly wounded patients and bring them all to one area and take care of them. They were also able to provide them with food and water in the time of need. Over a hundred thousand helpless citizens died instantly from the dropping of the bomb. John Hersey’s novel Hiroshima talks about six survivors’ stories of the dropping of the atomic and how they dealt with it. One might consider these people lucky for surviving the attack, but they became faced with many problems, physically and mentally. Many began showing symptoms of diseases while others even began to convince themselves that it was their fate to suffer. On the day of the bombing, August 6th 1945 these people carried on with their daily routine. It was 8:15AM when the bomb was dropped. A clerk in the department of the East Asia Tin Works, Miss Toshinki Sasaki was having a conversation with her colleague when the bomb was dropped. The impact of the bomb had trapped her unconscious underneath bookcases, the ceiling, and the roof. The weight of everything on top of her twisted her left leg and broke it. Miss Sasaki had laid under books, wood, and plaster f... Free Essays on Hiroshima By John Hersy Free Essays on Hiroshima By John Hersy Hiroshima Throughout everyone’s lifetime they see society face a tragedy whether they were prepared for it or not. This tragedy can teach people a lesson, teach them to be helpful, and even change their perspective on life. In John Hersey’s Hiroshima many Japanese citizens are effected by something that happened in a matter of seconds, the dropping of the first atomic bomb. In the beginning of August citizens of Hiroshima grew tired of countless air raid warnings and began to ignore them. Though on August 6th 1945, American troops dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima. No one understood what had happened and how it left such a terrible outcome. Many surviving doctors decided that even though they were wounded they would help the more needy in the time of a crisis. The doctors began to pick up badly wounded patients and bring them all to one area and take care of them. They were also able to provide them with food and water in the time of need. Over a hundred thousand helpless citizens died instantly from the dropping of the bomb. John Hersey’s novel Hiroshima talks about six survivors’ stories of the dropping of the atomic and how they dealt with it. One might consider these people lucky for surviving the attack, but they became faced with many problems, physically and mentally. Many began showing symptoms of diseases while others even began to convince themselves that it was their fate to suffer. On the day of the bombing, August 6th 1945 these people carried on with their daily routine. It was 8:15AM when the bomb was dropped. A clerk in the department of the East Asia Tin Works, Miss Toshinki Sasaki was having a conversation with her colleague when the bomb was dropped. The impact of the bomb had trapped her unconscious underneath bookcases, the ceiling, and the roof. The weight of everything on top of her twisted her left leg and broke it. Miss Sasaki had laid under books, wood, and plaster f...

Health and Aging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Health and Aging - Essay Example Institutional discrimination is when policies are implemented that go against ethnic minorities. Hence, these people have a low standard of living and lead unhealthy lives. However the health effects of discrimination may vary from person to person. A person’s age, sex and social position may influence how discrimination will affect them.Studies prove that reporting and challenging racism results in lower blood pressure when compared to bearing it. There is no concrete evidence that establish the fact that racism may have serious health effects. This article will investigate the relationship between health and racism. The sample of the study included 5196 people of Caribbean, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Chinese origin and 2867 whites who were selected using stratified random sampling. These people were interviewed in full detail. They were given a questionnaire which had questions regarding their health and any interpersonal discrimination experiences that they had. The questions included if they thought that they would be denied a job by a British employer because of their ethnic background. Their own health was self assessed by them. 12 percent of the participants reported verbal abuse in the past year. 64 percent thought that a British employer would refuse a job because of their ethnic background while 37 percent thought that a British employer would do so at least half the time. Participants who reported verbal abuse were 50 percent more likely to report their health as fair or poor as compared to those who were not abused. While respondents who thought that a British employer would refuse a job because of his ethnic background were 40 percent more likely to report fair or poor health. Females were 60 percent more likely to report bad health compared to males. The findings suggest that experience and perception of interpersonal

Human resources paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human resources paper - Essay Example Judgements based on the individual’s status are known to have a negative impact on those individuals with high status. This is because those who perceive themselves to have higher status than others will demand to be treated differently from those with lower status. Reducing status differences among individual is a good and important way to address the issue of individual productivity based on status. I believe more god results can be found as status is seen to have an impact on job satisfaction and procedural fairness at work. Individual’s sensitiveness with regard to approval ratings means that the moment they are made to feel inferior, automatically their self-esteem becomes broken. This mostly have a greater effect on those who posses high value status. Thus reducing this phenomenon will help cushion them in the event of them being made to feel less deserving (Lyndah et al, 2009). Personality problems too can arise when high status individuals too feel badly treated- like getting angrier or not engaging in future associations with those persons who treated them unfairly. In an exclusive study, we conducted on salespersons of electronics’ shop, we asked them how they feel when their managers and supervisors treated them according to jobs. Many said they felt mistreated while others said they felt greatly undermined more than their colleagues who had higher status than they did. This in essence showed the disparities that occur when there is an acute difference in terms of status. While it has been showed by other similar studies and research, the phenomenon is inappropriate. Human resource managers need to identify with this problem and find ways of solving it, because it has a direct impact on employee work morale. It is only fair to work in an equal environment where individuals are of equal status, where

Specific ways in which the internet has changed the way businesses Essay

Specific ways in which the internet has changed the way businesses operate in the global marketplace - Essay Example This invention is no more a plot for researchers to communicate and exchange information within their own selves, but also seeks access from the innumerous chunks of available data online or from the ever-accessible super-computers placed at offshore sites. Within the global marketplace, Internet has provided a lot of incentives in the present times. Internet has brought about a lot of interest for the different segments of the society and we just cannot pinpoint any single one that represents and manifests its true purpose. In order to find out what the world of Internet, i.e. the World Wide Web (WWW) is all about, we have to examine where it all started, though in a very brief manner and the advantages and disadvantages that it gives to the different users. The same is also seen from the perspective of its news provision and the related contexts. In the global context of current affairs and news reports, the Internet has come out as an agent that has brought a change by providing t imely and up to the mark news. In the academic world, there has been a lot of help and facilitation which credits itself solely on the basis of the Internet and it is because of the Internet that we see programs like distance learning and e-studies coming up and having their rise with each passing day.

Compare The Grid And Air Gap Techniques Information Technology Essay

Compare The Grid And Air Gap Techniques Information Technology Essay The research design for this study is of a comparative quantitative, quasi-experimental nature. The rationale for this comparative study is to see what effect two different anti-scatter techniques have on image quality. The properties that make this a quasi-experimental study are manipulation of specific variables and control in experimentation and testing (Parahoo, 2006). True experimental research is characterised by three properties: manipulation, control and randomisation (Parahoo, 2006). As the researcher will not randomise any variables, this study is considered as quasi-experimental and not a true experimental study. In this research manipulation was achieved since a standard anti-scatter technique was compared to an air gap technique adapted for the projection of the hip in the lateral position. Exposure factor variables were also manipulated using an automatic exposure control (AEC). Control was maintained by testing the two techniques under the same conditions using the same research tools. Furthermore, the researcher kept control of the study by testing only the anti-scatter techniques on one specific projection. Therefore the results achieved by this study are specific to the lateral hip projection. However, the principle could be applied to other projections in order to discover which technique works better in providing good image quality in that specific projection. 3.3 Research Method 3.3.1 Background of the study The following methodology was adapted from a study carried out in the United Kingdom by Goulding (2006) who looked at the air gap and the grid technique used to image the hip laterally in the University Hospital she trained in. The study was conducted with the help of reporting radiographers in the Accident and Emergency (AE) department where they performed both grid and air gap technique as routine projections on patients. Goulding (2006) looked at image quality by attaining the hip radiographs performed with both anti scatter techniques separately. Goulding (2006) collected her data by asking reporting radiographers to comment on these radiographs. In Gouldings (2006) study the radiographs on which she based her findings and results were conducted on patients of different size and this may have lacked reliability due to different exposure factors used for each examination, different patient dose depending on patient size as well as image quality. Using a similar methodology in this study the researcher assessed image quality using a quality control phantom and an anthropomorphic phantom. In doing so the researcher will made sure that tests done on both anti-scatter techniques to assess for image quality were more precise. The methodology for this research and the tools used to measure image quality in both grid and air gap technique are explained in the following sub-sections. 3.3.2 Research tools In this study the tools discussed in this section were used to gather the data. They were used to test the anti-scatter techniques being compared and investigated in this study which will be explained further on in this chapter. Since this research looks at image quality in two anti-scatter techniques, a lead quality control phantom (PTW Normi 13) was a very important tool used to collect the data. According to Carlton Adler (2006), spatial resolution and contrast resolution are the most important properties upon which devices and techniques can be tested. The lead quality control phantom (Appendix B) is designed to perform constancy and acceptance tests on plain digital x-ray systems and is able to test image receptors for their homogeneity, spatial resolution and contrast resolution (PTW-Freiburg, 2005). However, in this research, spatial resolution and contrast resolution were the two relevant key tests for image quality. Spatial resolution is measured by counting the largest amount of line pairs per millimetre (Lp/mm) while contrast resolution is measured by the low contrast steps seen on the resultant image. The areas on the phantom that are used to measure spatial and contrast resolution are shown in Appendix B. In collecting the data, the researcher made use of an anthropomorphic pixy phantom AR10A (Appendix B) to image the hip laterally using a horizontal beam. This phantom was used so that the exposures of both grid and air gap technique performed on the quality control phantom could be done to image a hip that resembles that of a human. As the anthropomorphic phantom used had the same attenuation coefficient of a human body, it stops the radiation passing through it in the same way that a human body would. Although this study evaluates image quality in two anti-scatter techniques, the radiation given to the subject/object at each exposure using the air gap and grid technique was also recorded and compared.   The amount of radiation exposed by the tube at each exposure was also measured using a dose area product (DAP) metre. This was important in order to see how much radiation was being used at each exposure to produce an image using the grid and air gap technique. All the exposures (in this experimental testing) were made using an automatic exposure control (AEC) which is incorporated in the erect bucky in the digital x-ray system used. This device determined how much mAs was used in each exposure so that the right amount of x-ray photons irradiated the image receptor to produce an image with adequate quality. This device was used since the mAs that is used in an exposure determines how good the image quality is as well as the patient dose. Therefore when the readings using the tools mentioned were gathered from all exposures, the researcher could compare these results and identify the ideal technique and exposure that should be used in imaging the hip laterally. This technique and exposure should ideally produce a good quality image with as low a dose as possible. 3.3.3 Method The following two subsections will explain in detail how the data was collected during the experimentation on the anti scatter techniques. The researcher made sure that the tools used in the testing were kept the same to test both techniques. The same digital x-ray system was also used throughout the entire experimentation. 3.3.3.1 The Grid Technique Testing for this technique was divided in two stages. In the first stage the researcher made use of the quality control phantom (PTW Normi 13). The phantom was placed on a custom made table in contact with the erect imaging receptor. A stationary parallel grid was placed between the phantom and the receptor since this is the type of grid used in a lateral hip shoot through projection. In this technique, the object to image distance (OID) was that of 0cm since the phantom was in contact with the grid and image receptor. The source to image distance (SID) used was that of one metre (100 cm) since this is the standard SID used in such a projection in the radiology department of the local hospital. The kV used was kept constant at 75 kV and the phantom was centred to the central AEC. The light beam diaphragm was set around the contours of the quality control phantom. A further exposure was made using the same grid technique setting. However, this time the grid was removed. This was done in order to find out whether the grid was working effectively in absorbing scatter radiation, which in turn could affect image quality. The DAP metre was recorded so that the researcher could have an approximate idea of the dose given to the phantom. The second stage in testing the grid technique was done by using the anthropomorphic phantom. The researcher set up the pixy phantom AR10A with the hip in contact with the grid and receptor. The hip was centred with the central AEC and exposed. The kV and the SID were the same as the ones used in testing the quality control phantom 75kV and 100cm SID. The set-ups used to test the grid techniques using both phantoms can be found in Appendix B. 3.3.3.2 The Air Gap Technique To test for the air gap technique the researcher also divided the tests into two stages. The same quality control phantom used previously in the grid technique was also utilised in this test/experiment. The PTW Normi 13 was placed on a custom-made table. However, in this technique, an air gap between the phantom and the image receptor was applied. There were a total of six air gaps applied, varying from 10cm to 60cm. This was done in order to see which air gap was more effective in reducing scatter radiation reaching the receptor. To achieve this aim the object to image distance (OID) was increased by 10 cm after each exposure to a maximum of 60 cm. The source to object distance (SOD) was kept at 100 cm to reduce object magnification as much as possible since this may create a loss in image sharpness. The source to image distance (SID) depended on what OID was used. Therefore when an OID of 20cm was applied, the SID was that of 120cm. This was done to ensure that the distance of the source to the object remained at 100cm. In each exposure the phantom was centred to the central AEC and the light beam diaphragm was set around the contours of the quality control phantom. The researcher also made use of the DAP metre to see which air gap produced a good quality image with a reasonably low dose. This was done so that the air gap exposures could be compared with the standard grid technique. In the second stage of testing for the air gap technique the researcher also used the same anthropomorphic phantom. The setting of the technique to image the hip laterally was adapted from Gouldings (2006) study by using the same patient positioning that the author used in her study. This setting involved applying an air gap between the phantoms hip and the receptor, keeping the SOD at 100cm. A total of six exposures were also performed on the pixy phantom AR10A with the same OIDs and SIDs used to image the quality control phantom. The researcher made sure that the phantoms hip was centred with the central AEC of the erect image receptor. Both settings used to perform testing on the air gap technique can be found in Appendix B. 3.4 Data Collection The data was collected during February 2010. The data record sheets used to record the data can be found in Appendix A.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Exposure Factors The exposure factors used to produce the images in the grid and air gap technique were recorded. The kV was a constant factor while the mAs changed according to the technique used and its setting. The mAs was manipulated by means of the AED. This was done so that the amount of x-ray photons needed to produce the image and  the length of the exposure was recorded depending on the technique used.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Object to Image Distance (OID) The OID used in testing the grid and air gap technique was recorded. This was important, particularly in the application of the air gap technique. This is because the OID in the air gap technique determined the magnitude of the air gap that should be used to achieve a good quality image while keeping the radiation dose as low as possible. Therefore the researcher could see and analyse the effect on the image quality each time a specific OID was used in relation to exposure factors. In the air gap technique the SID depended on what OID was used. The researcher kept the SOD at 100cm to reduce as much as possible magnification of the resultant image.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dose Area Product (DAP) The DAP metre was recorded at each exposure for both grid and air gap techniques. Although this metre does not measure the radiation dose given to the phantoms at each exposure, it gives an indication of whether the dose would be low or high. A high DAP reading would mean that more radiation was used in the exposure and therefore the resultant patient dose may be higher. The readings from this metre for both techniques were compared in relation to image quality of the radiographs.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Signal to noise ratio (SNR) The signal to noise ratio (SNR) consists of the un-attenuated photons that have penetrated the subject without interaction (signal) and the Compton scatter and other factors that degrade image quality (noise). The SNR was used to determine how much contrast resolution an image had after each exposure. The higher the SNR the better the contrast resolution of an image (Dendy Heaton, 2006). However a high SNR also means high mAs and consequently a high patient dose. The SNR was calculated by dividing the mean pixel value by the standard deviation of the signal of each exposure. The mean pixel value and standard deviation of the signal were recorded after each exposure provided by the digital x-ray system. Therefore the equation used was: Signal to Noise ratio = mean pixel value/standard deviation (reference)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Spatial Resolution and Contrast Resolution The spatial and contrast resolution readings were recorded by the researcher from the radiographs achieved using the quality control phantom in the grid and air gap technique. The line pairs per millimetre (Lp/mm) were measured to test for spatial resolution, while for contrast resolution the low contrast steps were counted. The data recorded was tabulated in tables 2a and 2b respectively in the data record sheet. This recorded data enabled the researcher to compare the image quality in both techniques. Unlike Goulding (2006) in this study two independent radiologists that were chosen randomly from the researcher were asked to report on image quality on all the radiographs performed on the anthropomorphic pixy phantom AR10A. Radiologists were chosen in this study since in Malta there are no reporting radiographers that report on the appendicular skeleton. The radiologists were asked to report on the images by answering a likert scale (1=very poor and 5=very good) to assess image quality. The results were tabulated in table 3 of the data record sheet. 3.5 Validity and Reliability Validity refers to the degree the research instrument used in the study measures what it is intended to measure. Therefore: Validity reflects the accuracy with which the findings reflect the phenomenon being studied (Parahoo, 2006, p.80) In this study, the researcher consulted with the medical physicist at the local hospital who was asked to assess the content validity of the research tools used to collect the data. The medical physicist considered the research tools valid since the same tools are used in the medical imaging department to test for image quality on the digital x-ray systems. As the research tools were deemed to be totally valid, the data collected to measure image quality in the grid and air gap technique can also be said to be valid. Reliability refers to how consistent an instrument is in measuring what it is intended to measure (Parahoo, 2006). To maintain the equivalence reliability of the lead quality control phantom used for assessment of image quality, two independent observers were asked to measure both spatial and contrast resolution of the two images achieved using the same exposure factors, OID and SID. The researcher tested for the reliability of the automatic exposure device used. This was done by exposing the lead phantom twice without manipulating the setting or exposure factors and the results were recorded. The spatial resolution, contrast resolution and DAP metre readings were the same in both images and so the AEC was considered reliable enough to use in the testing and data collection. 3.6 Ethical Considerations Ethics is defined by Polit Beck (2006) as a system of moral values that are designed to protect the participant from the research procedures as the researcher has professional, legal and social obligations towards the participants involved in the study. However, in this research, no human subjects were involved in the experimentation and collection of data, so there were no ethical issues regarding the exposures done on the PTW NORMI 13 phantom and the anthropomorphic phantom pixy AR10A. Permission was sought for the use of the x-ray equipment from Medical Imaging Department at the local hospital. Experimentation was performed under supervision and precautions were taken to ensure that radiation would not harm any other members of the staff or public where the study was performed. 3.7 Limitations of the study Limitations were encountered by the researcher throughout this study. The study was conducted using a quality control phantom and an anthropomorphic phantom. Although both phantoms are manufactured to mimic and represent a patient as well as to produce equivalent scatter radiation, patient size was a variable that could not be added to the study. The DAP metre was used in this study so that the researcher could have an idea of the dose being attenuated by the phantoms used. Ideally the actual patient dose should be measured but this could not be done since no human subjects were used. Expansion of this study would lead to a better understanding of the dose given to patients while comparing the air gap and grid technique for the lateral hip shoot through. This study was carried out using a digital x-ray system in the radiology department at the local hospital. Tube output and technique setup may be different when using other systems. In the radiology department, computed radiography is used to perform a lateral hip shoot through examination rather than a digital system which is what the researcher used in this study. In data analysis the readings from the quality control phantoms were interpreted by the researcher himself and not by a number of people. If more than one person interpreted the results, the results may have varied. Although these limitations are valid, they had no effect on the data collected and the results achieved. 3.8 Conclusion This chapter described the methodology and the research design of this study. The next chapter consists of presentation, analysis and discussion of the data.

Essay --

This paper with address the major themes, which run throughout The Holy Bible. There are too many themes throughout the Bible to list so this author will address only three major themes that are see in God’s Holy Word. The first theme is Jesus; the beginning and the end, the Alpha and Omega. Colossians 1:17 from the New Living Translation says it best: He existed before anything else, and he holds all creation together. Christ is also the head of the church, which is His body. He is the beginning, supreme over all who rise from the dead. So He is first in everything. For God in all His fullness was pleased to live in Christ, and through Him God reconciled everything to himself. He made peace with everything in heaven and on earth by means of Christ’s blood on the cross. The second theme that is seen in the Bible is love. The Bible says in 1 John 4:8 that God is Love; But anyone who does not love does not know God, for God is love. We see this in the greatest commandment. The last theme, which is clearly seen in nearly every book of the Bible, is the theme of salvation and/or redemption. God the Father is not only seen saving those who call on His name from certain death in the Old Testament, but also in the New Testament. In theology redemption and salvation are one in the same. â€Å"Theology is the deliverance from the power and penalty of sin; redemption† (Dictionarry.com, 2013). Jesus The first theme is Jesus. We see the prophecies of Jesus’ first and second coming in the Old Testament and then we see in the New Testament the life and teachings of the Son of God. â€Å"Then he said, ‘When I was with you before, I told you that everything written about me in the Law of Moses and the prophets and in the Psalms must be fulfilled’† (Luke ... ...st through the reading of God’s Word start to understand out to look through the lens of God for our lives and others. This shows us we are in need of a relationship and not a religion. The Bible teaches us and shows us we need not to get cleaned up to come to Jesus, but come to Jesus and the Cross to get cleaned up. His arms are always wide open. C.S. Lewis once said, â€Å"The Christian does not think God will love us because we are good, but that God will make us good because He loves us† (Patheos.com, 2013). â€Å"‘This is basically what C.S. Lewis was saying. God made us good only through the atoning work of Calvary. We became righteous because of His love that was most vividly displayed on the cross as John wrote, ‘In this is love, not that we loved God but that he loved us and sent his Son to be the atoning sacrifice for our sins’† (1 John 4:10) (Patheos.com, 2013).